ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe location, sonographic characteristics and measures of the stomach and small intestine of equines at different ages. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 88 healthy equines of either sex, aged 1, 7 and 15 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months and 1, 3 and 5 years, with 20 animals per group. Location, characteristics and measurements of stomach, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were performed for each measurement and the percentile for each age was analyzed. The work showed the growth and characteristics of the organs evaluated over time. Adult animals showed a minimum of 4 duodenal movements per minute. It was possible to locate the organs evaluated in all animals. The detailed ultrasound examination of these organs allowed gathering information that could be used to assist in the care of future patients.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever localização topográfica, características e medidas ultrassonográficas de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos em diferentes idades. Foi realizado um exame ultrassonográfico abdominal em 20 equinos saudáveis de ambos os sexos, com idades de um, sete e 15 dias, um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, 10 e 11 meses e um, três e cinco anos. A localização, as características e as medidas de estômago, duodeno e jejuno foram avaliadas. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva para cada medida e analisado o percentil para cada idade. O trabalho mostrou o crescimento e as características dos órgãos avaliados ao longo do tempo. Animais adultos apresentaram um mínimo de quatro movimentos por minuto de duodeno. Foi possível localizar os órgãos avaliados em todos os animais. O exame ultrassonográfico detalhado desses órgãos permitiu agrupar informações que poderão ser usadas para auxiliar no atendimento a futuros pacientes.

ABSTRACT The case of an equine with nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis is described. A 14-year-old crossbred mare was seen presenting with development of a mass in the nasal angle of the right eye, behind the third eyelid. The tutor reported slow growth over 4 years, always accompanied by epiphora, and that no treatment had been performed prior to consultation. The histopathological and immunohistochemical results found a nodular, subepithelial structure, composed predominantly of densely packed small lymphocytes. Through the exams, associated with studies with monoclonal anti B lymphocyte antibodies and polyclonal anti T lymphocyte antibodies, the diagnosis of nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis was reached. Only clinical pharmacological treatment was chosen, based on the use of topical and intralesional hydrocortisone acetate. After one month of treatment the mass completely disappeared without sequelae.

RESUMO Descreve-se o caso de um equino com conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Uma égua, mestiça, de 14 anos, foi atendida apresentando desenvolvimento de uma massa no ângulo nasal do olho direito, atrás da terceira pálpebra. O tutor relatou um crescimento lento durante 4 anos, sempre acompanhado de epífora, para o qual não foi realizado tratamento prévio à consulta. Os resultados histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico constataram uma estrutura nodular e subepitelial, composta predominantemente por linfócitos pequenos densamente agrupados. Por meio dos exames, associados a estudos com anticorpos monoclonais antilinfócitos B e anticorpos policlonais antilinfócitos T, chegou-se ao diagnóstico de conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Optou-se apenas pelo tratamento clínico farmacológico, baseando-se na utilização de acetato de hidrocortisona tópica e intralesional. Após um mês de tratamento, a massa involuiu por completo, sem deixar sequelas.

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine therapeutic protocols of intramuscular sodium cloxacillin (IM) in goats with potential antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus spp. We constructed a pharmacokinetic (PK) model of IM, followed by a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration (PK/PD). Simulations of different therapeutic protocols were then performed, with the doses ranging from 30 to100 mg/kg every 8, 12, or 24 hours. We calculated the probability to target attainment (PTA) of reach protocol's therapeutic according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.06 to 4 μg/mL. The PK/PD index (PDT) used was "time above the MIC for 40% of the time" (T>MIC ≥40%). Protocols with single administration per day were incapable of achieving PTA ≥ 90% for any of the estimated MICs. However, by decreasing the administration interval, the PTA was increased. Thus, from the dose of 50 mg/kg every 12 hours, a PTA≥ 90% for MICs ≤ 0.5 μg/mL was achieved, while the 30 mg/kg dose every 8 hours was able to achieve a PTA≥ 90% for MICs of 2 μg/mL. The results suggest using 30 mg/kg dose every 8 hours in clinical studies of agents with MICs ≤ 2μg/mL; Nevertheless, the practitioner should adjust the dose in severe patients.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar protocolos terapêuticos sistêmicos de cloxacilina sódica, via intramuscular, em caprinos, com potencial efeito antibacteriano contra Staphylococcus spp. Construiu-se um modelo farmacocinético (PK) de cloxacilina sódica em caprino; a partir deste, realizou-se a integração farmacocinéticas/farmacodinâmicas (PK/PD) e simulações de diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, variando de 30-100 mg/kg com administração a cada oito, 12 ou 24 horas. Foram calculadas as probabilidades de atingir o alvo (PTA) para cada protocolo, segundo uma distribuição de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 0,06 a 4 μg/mL. O alvo PK/PD (PDT) utilizado foi de T>CIM ≥ 40%. Protocolos com uma administração por dia não foram capazes de atingir a PTA ≥ 90% para nenhuma das CIMs. A diminuição do intervalo aumentou os PTAs, assim, a partir da dose de 50 mg/kg a cada 12 horas, foi possível atingir PTA≥ 90% para CIMs ≤ 0,5 μg/mL, enquanto uma dose de 30 mg/kg a cada oito horas foi capaz de atingir PTA≥ 90% para uma CIM de 2 μg/mL. Os resultados sugerem que a dose de 30 mg/kg a cada oito horas pode ser utilizada em estudos clínicos de agentes com CIMs ≤ 2 μg/mL, porém é preciso ser avaliado como os parâmetros farmacocinéticos serão alterados em pacientes críticos.

Introduction. Medical education adapts to the emergence of a CoVID-19 pandemic to ensure basic standards of training. Objective. The characteristics of a virtual surgery teaching model and evaluate its acceptance by students by survey satisfaction. Material and methods. Retrospective, descriptive, cross-cutting observational design, with virtual teaching in two hospitals studying surgery between March 13-July 27, 2020. Virtually through a Zoom Platform for 2-4 hours/day, 40 days of each course with a minimum 150 hours and different daily activities were attended. Partial evaluations with Clinical Record on defined topic or virtual oral evaluation were made. Regularity with 80% presentism and approval of partial examinations. Anonymous and voluntary satisfaction survey was analyzed. Results. 50 out of 67 students (74.6%) completed the surveys; 90% considered that the proposed learning objectives were expressly mentioned. Organization sujects ordered, systematic and accessible for 90% and provided new knowledge for 100%, with teacher training stimulating the study; 98% thinking that the concepts acquired will be useful in their professional future. Teacher-student interactivity as the outstanding virtual connectivity for 96 and 98%. Discussion and conclusions. Results and design of the survey showed strengths of virtual teaching given by academic quality and methodology used that allowed to incorporate knowledge; highlight face-to-face need with the teacher and the surgical patients.

Introducción. La educación médica se adapta ante la aparición de una pandemia como la producida por la COVID-19 para asegurar estándares básicos de formación. Objetivo. Describir y analizar las características de enseñanza virtual de cirugía y evaluar su aceptación con una encuesta de satisfacción por los alumnos. Sujetos y métodos. Diseño observacional retrospectivo, descriptivo, transversal, con enseñanza virtual en dos hospitales con alumnos de Cirugía entre el 13 de marzo y el 27 de julio de 2020. Concurrieron en forma virtual a través de una plataforma de Zoom durante 2-4 horas/día, 40 días hábiles de cada curso, con una carga horaria mínima de 150 horas y diferentes actividades diarias. Tuvieron evaluaciones parciales, con la elaboración de una historia clínica sobre un tema definido o una evaluación virtual oral. Se obtuvo una regularidad con presencialidad del 80% y aprobación de los exámenes parciales. La encuesta de evaluación de satisfacción fue anónima y voluntaria. Resultados. Completaron las encuestas 50 de 67 alumnos (74,6%); el 90% consideró que los objetivos propuestos para el aprendizaje se mencionaron de forma expresa y se cumplieron. La organización temática fue ordenada, sistemática y accesible para el 90%, y aportó nuevos conocimientos para el 100%, con un planteamiento docente que estimulaba el estudio; el 98% piensa que los conceptos adquiridos serán de utilidad en su futuro profesional. Tanto la interactividad docente-alumno como la conectividad virtual, las destacaron el 96 y el 98% de los alumnos. Discusión y conclusiones. Los resultados y el diseño de la encuesta mostraron fortalezas de la enseñanza virtual por calidad académica y metodología usada, lo que permitió incorporar conocimientos. Destaca la necesidad presencial con el docente y el enfermo.

SUMMARY: The act of playing is as ancient as humanity itself, yet Huizinga was the one who re-signified the concept of “ludic” as a didactive resource related to culture. Play-based learning was developed as a didactic strategy by the forerunners of the New School. Several Authors (Brunner, Frebel, Decroly, Montessori, Cossettini and Freire) have analyzed its pedagogy projections and stressed the impact and formative value in the cognitive strategies involved in problem solving tasks, attention and memory development, as well it’s motivational and creativity elements. The object of the present work is to evaluate the impact of these didactic interventions in the cultural and conceptual conceptions of the students related to cadaveric material in the course of practical working during anatomy classes. Observational and transversal study through a questionnaire applied to 658 medical students (2016, n = 198; 2017, n= 228; 2018 n=232) which included a Modified Templer Death Anxiety Scale, population questions (age, gender, place of birth, situation regarding the subject, work-related aspects, former studies, motivations related to career choice). Terminology related to “cadaveric material” and “anatomic piece” was investigated with Bernard’s free-listing and lot-drawing techniques in order to investigate cultural and imaginary conceptions and groups of conceptual dimensions. The class structure divides the students in two different ckassrooms, in order to evaluate difference with the inclusion of play-based activities in one of them. The results were processed using tests of descriptive and inferencial statistics (SPSS and dendrogram making), to evaluate the terminological analysis, Visual Anthropac Freelists versión: 1.0.1.36 and Visual Anthropac Pilesorts versión: 1.0.2.60. The present research takes into account all current ethical and legal norms. It has been observed that terms such as “cadaveric material” and “anatomic piece” were associated mainly with repugnancy, disgust, fear and study material. It was observed, in the group of student using play based techniques, a lesser number of negative terminology, as well as conceptual dimensions related with the material as a didactic and instructional resource instead of a distress factor. In conclusion the implementation of play-based techniques in the learning process of the Anatomy coursework was positively associated with a lesser negative impact in both associated terminology and in conceptual dimensions related to cadaveric material. Such an impact is of particular importance in the context of teaching and it would relate with the decrease of negative factors in cadaveric affronting.

RESUMEN: El jugar fue resignificado por Huizinga como un recurso didáctico y se lo denominó “ludoaprendizaje”, “aprendizaje mediado por el juego” o “técnicas lúdicas”. Diversos autores estudiaron su aplicación en distintos contextos fue desarrollado como estrategia didáctica por los impulsores de la Escuela Nueva. Distintos autores (Brunner, Frebel, Decroly, Montessori, Cossettini y Freire) han analizado sus proyecciones pedagógicas y resaltaron el valor formativo e impacto en las estrategias cognitivas para la resolución de problemas, desarrollar la atención y memoria, así como elemento motivador y de creatividad. El objetivo es evaluar el impacto de esta intervención didáctica en las concepciones culturales y conceptuales referidas al material cadavérico durante el TP y su afrontamiento. Realizamos un sstudio observacional y transversal mediante una encuesta aplicada a 658 alumnos (año 2016=198; año 2017= 228; año 2018= 232) que incluyó la Escala de ansiedad ante la muerte de Temple -EAM- modificada, preguntas poblacionales (edad, sexo, lugar de nacimiento, situación en la materia, aspectos laborales, estudios previos, motivaciones en relación con la elección de la carrera) y se indagaron términos asociados a los conceptos “material cadavérico” y “pieza anatómica” con la técnica de listados libres de Bernard y la técnica de montones para investigar concepciones culturales e imaginarios y grupos de dimensiones conceptuales. Dado que la arquitectura de la Cátedra divide a los alumnos en 2 salones distintos, para evaluar diferencias con la inclusión de actividades lúdicas en un grupo. Los resultados fueron procesados con pruebas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial (SPSS para dicho análisis y realización de dendogramas), para análisis de los términos Visual Anthropac Freelists versión: 1.0.1.36 y Visual Anthropac Pilesorts versión: 1.0.2.60. El presente trabajo cumple con los reparos ético-legales y normativos vigentes. Observamos que los términos “material cadavérico” y “pieza anatómica” se asociaron con repugnancia, asco, miedo y elemento de estudio, principalmente. En el grupo de alumnos con técnicas lúdicas se objetivó menor cantidad de términos negativos, así como dimensiones conceptuales más relacionadas con el material como recurso instruccional didáctico y no como factor de distrés. En conclusión, la implementación de técnicas lúdicas en la didáctica del proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje con material cadavérico en la materia Anatomía se asoció con un menor impacto negativo en los términos asociados y dimensiones conceptuales referidos al material cadavérico. Dicho impacto tiene injerencia en el contexto de la enseñanza y se asociaría con la disminución de factores negativos en el afrontamiento cadavérico.

Introduction: An adverse event occurs as a result of factors and phenomena conjugated for his appearance (poorly developed processes, poorly applied technologies, inadequate infrastructure or failed human interactions) triggering an incident that can cause injury, disability, morbidity, length prolongation of hospitalization, death, arising from health care and not the underlying disease. Objectives: Identify, analyze and report preventable adverse events that occurred in surgical clinic processes in thoracic surgery as risk prevention. Recognize and analyze factors of adverse events. Encourage continuous education to develop a safety culture. Design: Retrospective, observational statistical study. Materials and methods: a retrospective statistical analysis of adverse events (EA) in thoracic surgery from a General Surgery service, analyzing contributing factors of a total 57 patients of thoracic surgery from December 01 2009 to January 01, 2011. Results: 10 (17.5 %) patients presented EA and all (100 %) were considered preventable. There were temporary disability in 5 cases (50 %) and 4 (40 %) there was no disabilities added to the pathology of base. One (10 %) introduced permanent disability. Mortality associated with the adverse event not occurred. The 100 % of the EA occurred by human factors, 7 (70 %) by inadequate technique, 1 (10 %) by fault in diagnostic procedure,2 (20 %) by complications in postoperative management. Conclusions: When an adverse event occurs, it failed the health system. The checklist is useful and can alert and avoid unsafe actions. Analyzing contributing factors, record and report events in thoracic surgery serve simultaneously for prevention, risk reduction and development of a culture of safety for the patient.

Introducción: Un evento adverso ocurre como consecuencia de factores y fenómenos conjugados para su aparición (procesos mal desarrollados, tecnologías mal aplicadas, infraestructura inadecuada o interacciones humanas fallidas) desencadenando un incidente/accidente que puede causar lesión, discapacidad, con morbilidad, prolongación de la internación y/o fallecimiento, derivada de la asistencia sanitaria y no de la enfermedad de base. Objetivos: Identificar, analizar e informar eventos adversos evitables ocurridos en procesos clínico-quirúrgicos en Cirugía Torácica como prevención de riesgo. Reconocer y analizar factores causales de eventos adversos. Estimular la educación continua para desarrollar una cultura de seguridad. Diseño: Estadístico retrospectivo, observacional. Material y método: Se realizó un análisis estadístico retrospectivo, de los eventos adversos (EA) en cirugía torácica, en un Servicio de Cirugía General, analizando factores contribuyentes de los mismos, de un total de 57 pacientes de cirugía torácica desde el 01 de Diciembre 2009 al 01 de Enero 2011. Resultados: 10(17,5 %) pacientes presentaron EA y todos (100%) se consideraron prevenibles. En 5 casos (50 %) hubo discapacidad temporal y en 4 (40 %) no hubo discapacidad agregada a la patología de base. Uno (10 %) presentó incapacidad permanente. No se registró mortalidad asociada al evento adverso. El 100% de los EA ocurrieron por factores humanos, 7(70 %) por técnica inadecuada, 1(10%) por falla en diagnóstico, 2 (20 %) por complicaciones en manejo postquirúrgico. Conclusiones: Cuando un evento adverso ocurre, falló el sistema de salud. La lista de chequeo resulta de utilidad pudiendo alertar y evitar acciones inseguras. Analizar factores contribuyentes, registrar e informar eventos ocurridos en cirugía torácica sirven simultáneamente para prevención, disminución de riesgo y desarrollo de una cultura de seguridad para el paciente.

Bars of Titanium Grade 2 were subjected to deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing, both at room temperature and at 300°C. Additionally, some specimens were cold rolled up to 70% reduction. From tensile tests, data such as yield, maximum strength, elongation and area reduction were obtained. Results show that the best strength - ductility combination is produced by four passes followed by cold rolling. Finally, the corrosion behavior was assessed following ASTM F2129 and no noticeable difference between the starting material and the ECAP-deformed was detected.

The technical activity known as Materials Selection is reviewed in its concepts and methodologies. Objectives and strategies are briefly presented and two important features are introduced and discussed; (i) Merit Indices: a combination of materials properties, which maximises the objectives chosen by the designer and (ii) Materials Properties Maps: a bi-dimensional space whose coordinates are pairs of properties in which materials can be plotted and compared directly in terms of their merit indices. A general strategy for the deduction of these indices is explained and a formal methodology to establish a ranking of candidate materials when multiple constraints intervene is presented. Finally, two case studies are discussed in depth, one related to materials substitution in the context of mechanical design and a less conventional case linking material selection to physical comfort in the home furniture industry.

Discos de alumina sinterizada e de aço inoxidável AISI 304 foram unidos pelo processo de difusão em estado sólido utilizando inicialmente intercamada de Ti e diferentes tempos e temperaturas de junção. Ensaios de cisalhamento indicaram 800 oC/60 min como os mais favoráveis parâmetros de processo. Uma segunda série de experimentos de junção executados nessas mesmas condições teve como finalidade comparar a eficiência de diferentes construções de intercamadas de alívio das tensões residuais de origem térmica, tendo sido verificado a primazia do par Ti/Cu. Idêntico resultado foi obtido por simulação, utilizando o método dos Elementos Finitos. Observação micrográfica da interface Al2O3/Ti mostrou difusão de Al para o metal e a formação de precipitados Ti3Al, enquanto na interface Ti/AISI 304 verificou-se intensa difusão de Fe no Ti e conseqüente estabilização de Ti-b.

Sintered alumina and AISI 304 stainless steel discs were joined by solid state diffusion bonding using initially a Ti interlayer and a variety of process temperatures and times. Shear tests indicated that the most favourable bonding conditions were 800 oC/60 min and using these same parameters, a second series of experiments using different interlayer constructions was performed in order to test and compare their efficiencies with regard to thermal residual stresses reduction. Results indicated that Ti/Cu was the most efficient combination and a very similar conclusion was reached by Finite Elements simulation of the residual stress field. Finally, metallographic observation of the Al2O3 /Ti interface showed Al diffusion to the metal and the presence of Ti3Al intermetallics, whilst at the Ti/steel interface Fe diffused deeply into the Ti and stabilization of b-Ti followed.